Drizzle Queries

PostgreSQL

SQLite

MySQL

SingleStore

Drizzle ORM is designed to be a thin typed layer on top of SQL. We truly believe we’ve designed the best way to operate an SQL database from TypeScript and it’s time to make it better.

Relational queries are meant to provide you with a great developer experience for querying nested relational data from an SQL database, avoiding multiple joins and complex data mappings.

It is an extension to the existing schema definition and query builder. You can opt-in to use it based on your needs. We’ve made sure you have both the best-in-class developer experience and performance.

index.ts

schema.ts

import * as schema from './schema';
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/...';

const db = drizzle({ schema });

const result = await db.query.users.findMany({
	with: {
		posts: true			
	},
});

[{
	id: 10,
	name: "Dan",
	posts: [
		{
			id: 1,
			content: "SQL is awesome",
			authorId: 10,
		},
		{
			id: 2,
			content: "But check relational queries",
			authorId: 10,
		}
	]
}]

import { integer, serial, text, pgTable } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';
import { relations } from 'drizzle-orm';

export const users = pgTable('users', {
	id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
	name: text('name').notNull(),
});

export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ many }) => ({
	posts: many(posts),
}));

export const posts = pgTable('posts', {
	id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
	content: text('content').notNull(),
	authorId: integer('author_id').notNull(),
});

export const postsRelations = relations(posts, ({ one }) => ({
	author: one(users, { fields: [posts.authorId], references: [users.id] }),
}));

⚠️ If you have SQL schema declared in multiple files you can do it like that

index.ts

schema1.ts

schema2.ts

import * as schema1 from './schema1';
import * as schema2 from './schema2';
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/...';

const db = drizzle({ schema: { ...schema1, ...schema2 } });

const result = await db.query.users.findMany({
	with: {
		posts: true			
	},
});

// schema declaration in the first file

// schema declaration in the second file

Modes

Drizzle relational queries always generate exactly one SQL statement to run on the database and it has certain caveats. To have best in class support for every database out there we’ve introduced modes.

Drizzle relational queries use lateral joins of subqueries under the hood and for now PlanetScale does not support them.

When using mysql2 driver with regular MySQL database — you should specify mode: "default" When using mysql2 driver with PlanetScale — you need to specify mode: "planetscale"

import * as schema from './schema';
import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/mysql2";
import mysql from "mysql2/promise";

const connection = await mysql.createConnection({
  uri: process.env.PLANETSCALE_DATABASE_URL,
});

const db = drizzle({ client: connection, schema, mode: 'planetscale' });

Querying

Relational queries are an extension to Drizzle’s original query builder. You need to provide all tables and relations from your schema file/files upon drizzle() initialization and then just use the db.query API.

drizzle import path depends on the database driver you’re using.

index.ts

schema.ts

import * as schema from './schema';
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/...';

const db = drizzle({ schema });

await db.query.users.findMany(...);

// if you have schema in multiple files
import * as schema1 from './schema1';
import * as schema2 from './schema2';
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/...';

const db = drizzle({ schema: { ...schema1, ...schema2 } });

await db.query.users.findMany(...);

	import { type AnyPgColumn, boolean, integer, pgTable, primaryKey, serial, text, timestamp } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';

	import { relations } from 'drizzle-orm';

	export const users = pgTable('users', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		name: text('name').notNull(),
		invitedBy: integer('invited_by').references((): AnyPgColumn => users.id),
	});

	export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ one, many }) => ({
		invitee: one(users, { fields: [users.invitedBy], references: [users.id] }),
		usersToGroups: many(usersToGroups),
		posts: many(posts),
	}));

	export const groups = pgTable('groups', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		name: text('name').notNull(),
		description: text('description'),
	});

	export const groupsRelations = relations(groups, ({ many }) => ({
		usersToGroups: many(usersToGroups),
	}));

	export const usersToGroups = pgTable('users_to_groups', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		userId: integer('user_id').notNull().references(() => users.id),
		groupId: integer('group_id').notNull().references(() => groups.id),
	}, (t) => [
		primaryKey(t.userId, t.groupId)
	]);

	export const usersToGroupsRelations = relations(usersToGroups, ({ one }) => ({
		group: one(groups, { fields: [usersToGroups.groupId], references: [groups.id] }),
		user: one(users, { fields: [usersToGroups.userId], references: [users.id] }),
	}));

	export const posts = pgTable('posts', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		content: text('content').notNull(),
		authorId: integer('author_id').references(() => users.id),
		createdAt: timestamp('created_at', { withTimezone: true }).notNull().defaultNow(),
	});

	export const postsRelations = relations(posts, ({ one, many }) => ({
		author: one(users, { fields: [posts.authorId], references: [users.id] }),
		comments: many(comments),
	}));

	export const comments = pgTable('comments', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		content: text('content').notNull(),
		creator: integer('creator').references(() => users.id),
		postId: integer('post_id').references(() => posts.id),
		createdAt: timestamp('created_at', { withTimezone: true }).notNull().defaultNow(),
	});

	export const commentsRelations = relations(comments, ({ one, many }) => ({
		post: one(posts, { fields: [comments.postId], references: [posts.id] }),
		author: one(users, { fields: [comments.creator], references: [users.id] }),
		likes: many(commentLikes),
	}));

	export const commentLikes = pgTable('comment_likes', {
		id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
		creator: integer('creator').references(() => users.id),
		commentId: integer('comment_id').references(() => comments.id),
		createdAt: timestamp('created_at', { withTimezone: true }).notNull().defaultNow(),
	});

	export const commentLikesRelations = relations(commentLikes, ({ one }) => ({
		comment: one(comments, { fields: [commentLikes.commentId], references: [comments.id] }),
		author: one(users, { fields: [commentLikes.creator], references: [users.id] }),
	}));

Drizzle provides .findMany() and .findFirst() APIs.

Find many

const users = await db.query.users.findMany();

// result type
const result: {
	id: number;
	name: string;
	verified: boolean;
	invitedBy: number | null;
}[];

Find first

.findFirst() will add limit 1 to the query.

const user = await db.query.users.findFirst();

// result type
const result: {
	id: number;
	name: string;
	verified: boolean;
	invitedBy: number | null;
};

Include relations

With operator lets you combine data from multiple related tables and properly aggregate results.

Getting all posts with comments:

const posts = await db.query.posts.findMany({
	with: {
		comments: true,
	},
});

Getting first post with comments:

const post = await db.query.posts.findFirst({
	with: {
		comments: true,
	},
});

You can chain nested with statements as much as necessary.
For any nested with queries Drizzle will infer types using Core Type API.

Get all users with posts. Each post should contain a list of comments:

const users = await db.query.users.findMany({
	with: {
		posts: {
			with: {
				comments: true,
			},
		},
	},
});

Partial fields select

columns parameter lets you include or omit columns you want to get from the database.

Drizzle performs partial selects on the query level, no additional data is transferred from the database.

Keep in mind that a single SQL statement is outputted by Drizzle.

Get all posts with just id, content and include comments:

const posts = await db.query.posts.findMany({
	columns: {
		id: true,
		content: true,
	},
	with: {
		comments: true,
	}
});

Get all posts without content:

const posts = await db.query.posts.findMany({
	columns: {
		content: false,
	},
});

When both true and false select options are present, all false options are ignored.

If you include the name field and exclude the id field, id exclusion will be redundant, all fields apart from name would be excluded anyways.

Exclude and Include fields in the same query:

const users = await db.query.users.findMany({
	columns: {
		name: true,
		id: false //ignored
	},
});

// result type
const users: {
	name: string;
};

Only include columns from nested relations:

const res = await db.query.users.findMany({
	columns: {},
	with: {
		posts: true
	}
});

// result type
const res: {
	posts: {
		id: number,
		text: string
	}
}[];

Nested partial fields select

Just like with partial select, you can include or exclude columns of nested relations:

const posts = await db.query.posts.findMany({
	columns: {
		id: true,
		content: true,
	},
	with: {
		comments: {
			columns: {
				authorId: false
			}
		}
	}
});

Select filters

Just like in our SQL-like query builder, relational queries API lets you define filters and conditions with the list of our operators.

You can either import them from drizzle-orm or use from the callback syntax:

import { eq } from 'drizzle-orm';

const users = await db.query.users.findMany({
	where: eq(users.id, 1)
})

const users = await db.query.users.findMany({
	where: (users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, 1),
})

Find post with id=1 and comments that were created before particular date:

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	where: (posts, { eq }) => (eq(posts.id, 1)),
	with: {
		comments: {
			where: (comments, { lt }) => lt(comments.createdAt, new Date()),
		},
	},
});

Limit & Offset

Drizzle ORM provides limit & offset API for queries and for the nested entities.

Find 5 posts:

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	limit: 5,
});

Find posts and get 3 comments at most:

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	with: {
		comments: {
			limit: 3,
		},
	},
});

IMPORTANT

offset is only available for top level query.

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	limit: 5,
	offset: 2, // correct ✅
	with: {
		comments: {
			offset: 3, // incorrect ❌
			limit: 3,
		},
	},
});

Find posts with comments from the 5th to the 10th post:

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	limit: 5,
  offset: 5,
	with: {
		comments: true,
	},
});

Order By

Drizzle provides API for ordering in the relational query builder.

You can use same ordering core API or use order by operator from the callback with no imports.

import { desc, asc } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	orderBy: [asc(posts.id)],
});

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	orderBy: (posts, { asc }) => [asc(posts.id)],
});

Order by asc + desc:

await db.query.posts.findMany({
	orderBy: (posts, { asc }) => [asc(posts.id)],
	with: {
		comments: {
			orderBy: (comments, { desc }) => [desc(comments.id)],
		},
	},
});

Include custom fields

Relational query API lets you add custom additional fields. It’s useful when you need to retrieve data and apply additional functions to it.

IMPORTANT

As of now aggregations are not supported in extras, please use core queries for that.

import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.query.users.findMany({
	extras: {
		loweredName: sql`lower(${users.name})`.as('lowered_name'),
	},
})

await db.query.users.findMany({
	extras: {
		loweredName: (users, { sql }) => sql`lower(${users.name})`.as('lowered_name'),
	},
})

lowerName as a key will be included to all fields in returned object.

IMPORTANT

You have to explicitly specify .as("<name_for_column>")

To retrieve all users with groups, but with the fullName field included (which is a concatenation of firstName and lastName), you can use the following query with the Drizzle relational query builder.

const res = await db.query.users.findMany({
	extras: {
		fullName: sql<string>`concat(${users.name}, " ", ${users.name})`.as('full_name'),
	},
	with: {
		usersToGroups: {
			with: {
				group: true,
			},
		},
	},
});

// result type
const res: {
	id: number;
	name: string;
	verified: boolean;
	invitedBy: number | null;
	fullName: string;
	usersToGroups: {
			group: {
					id: number;
					name: string;
					description: string | null;
			};
	}[];
}[];

To retrieve all posts with comments and add an additional field to calculate the size of the post content and the size of each comment content:

const res = await db.query.posts.findMany({
	extras: (table, { sql }) => ({
		contentLength: (sql<number>`length(${table.content})`).as('content_length'),
	}),
	with: {
		comments: {
			extras: {
				commentSize: sql<number>`length(${comments.content})`.as('comment_size'),
			},
		},
	},
});

// result type
const res: {
	id: number;
	createdAt: Date;
	content: string;
	authorId: number | null;
	contentLength: number;
	comments: {
			id: number;
			createdAt: Date;
			content: string;
			creator: number | null;
			postId: number | null;
			commentSize: number;
	}[];
};

Prepared statements

Prepared statements are designed to massively improve query performance — see here.

In this section, you can learn how to define placeholders and execute prepared statements using the Drizzle relational query builder.

Placeholder in `where`

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('id'))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, 1)),
		},
	},
}).prepare('query_name');

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ id: 1 });

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('id'))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, 1)),
		},
	},
}).prepare();

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ id: 1 });

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('id'))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, 1)),
		},
	},
}).prepare();

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ id: 1 });

Placeholder in `limit`

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	with: {
		posts: {
			limit: placeholder('limit'),
		},
	},
}).prepare('query_name');

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ limit: 1 });

Placeholder in `offset`

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	offset: placeholder('offset'),
	with: {
		posts: true,
	},
}).prepare('query_name');

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ offset: 1 });

Multiple placeholders

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	limit: placeholder('uLimit'),
	offset: placeholder('uOffset'),
	where: ((users, { eq, or }) => or(eq(users.id, placeholder('id')), eq(users.id, 3))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('pid'))),
			limit: placeholder('pLimit'),
		},
	},
}).prepare('query_name');

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ pLimit: 1, uLimit: 3, uOffset: 1, id: 2, pid: 6 });

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	limit: placeholder('uLimit'),
	offset: placeholder('uOffset'),
	where: ((users, { eq, or }) => or(eq(users.id, placeholder('id')), eq(users.id, 3))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('pid'))),
			limit: placeholder('pLimit'),
		},
	},
}).prepare();

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ pLimit: 1, uLimit: 3, uOffset: 1, id: 2, pid: 6 });

const prepared = db.query.users.findMany({
	limit: placeholder('uLimit'),
	offset: placeholder('uOffset'),
	where: ((users, { eq, or }) => or(eq(users.id, placeholder('id')), eq(users.id, 3))),
	with: {
		posts: {
			where: ((users, { eq }) => eq(users.id, placeholder('pid'))),
			limit: placeholder('pLimit'),
		},
	},
}).prepare();

const usersWithPosts = await prepared.execute({ pLimit: 1, uLimit: 3, uOffset: 1, id: 2, pid: 6 });

Drizzle Queries

Modes

Querying

Find many

Find first

Include relations

Partial fields select

Nested partial fields select

Select filters

Limit & Offset

Order By

Include custom fields

Prepared statements

Placeholder in where

Placeholder in limit

Placeholder in offset

Multiple placeholders

Placeholder in `where`

Placeholder in `limit`

Placeholder in `offset`