SQL Insert

Drizzle ORM provides you the most SQL-like way to insert rows into the database tables.

Insert one row

Inserting data with Drizzle is extremely straightforward and sql-like. See for yourself:

await db.insert(users).values({ name: 'Andrew' });

insert into "users" ("name") values ("Andrew");

If you need insert type for a particular table you can use typeof usersTable.$inferInsert syntax.

type NewUser = typeof users.$inferInsert;

const insertUser = async (user: NewUser) => {
  return db.insert(users).values(user);
}

const newUser: NewUser = { name: "Alef" };
await insertUser(newUser);

Insert returning

You can insert a row and get it back in PostgreSQL and SQLite like such:

await db.insert(users).values({ name: "Dan" }).returning();

// partial return
await db.insert(users).values({ name: "Partial Dan" }).returning({ insertedId: users.id });

Insert $returningId

MySQL itself doesn’t have native support for RETURNING after using INSERT. There is only one way to do it for primary keys with autoincrement (or serial) types, where you can access insertId and affectedRows fields. We’ve prepared an automatic way for you to handle such cases with Drizzle and automatically receive all inserted IDs as separate objects

import { boolean, int, text, mysqlTable } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core';

const usersTable = mysqlTable('users', {
  id: int('id').primaryKey(),
  name: text('name').notNull(),
  verified: boolean('verified').notNull().default(false),
});


const result = await db.insert(usersTable).values([{ name: 'John' }, { name: 'John1' }]).$returningId();
//    ^? { id: number }[]

Also with Drizzle, you can specify a primary key with $default function that will generate custom primary keys at runtime. We will also return those generated keys for you in the $returningId() call

import { varchar, text, mysqlTable } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core';
import { createId } from '@paralleldrive/cuid2';

const usersTableDefFn = mysqlTable('users_default_fn', {
  customId: varchar('id', { length: 256 }).primaryKey().$defaultFn(createId),
  name: text('name').notNull(),
});


const result = await db.insert(usersTableDefFn).values([{ name: 'John' }, { name: 'John1' }]).$returningId();
//  ^? { customId: string }[]

If there is no primary keys -> type will be {}[] for such queries

Insert multiple rows

await db.insert(users).values([{ name: 'Andrew' }, { name: 'Dan' }]);

Upserts and conflicts

Drizzle ORM provides simple interfaces for handling upserts and conflicts.

On conflict do nothing

onConflictDoNothing will cancel the insert if there’s a conflict:

await db.insert(users)
  .values({ id: 1, name: 'John' })
  .onConflictDoNothing();

// explicitly specify conflict target
await db.insert(users)
  .values({ id: 1, name: 'John' })
  .onConflictDoNothing({ target: users.id });

On conflict do update

onConflictDoUpdate will update the row if there’s a conflict:

await db.insert(users)
  .values({ id: 1, name: 'Dan' })
  .onConflictDoUpdate({ target: users.id, set: { name: 'John' } });

where clauses

on conflict do update can have a where clause in two different places - as part of the conflict target (i.e. for partial indexes) or as part of the update clause:

insert into employees (employee_id, name)
values (123, 'John Doe')
on conflict (employee_id) where name <> 'John Doe'
do update set name = excluded.name

insert into employees (employee_id, name)
values (123, 'John Doe')
on conflict (employee_id) do update set name = excluded.name
where name <> 'John Doe';

To specify these conditions in Drizzle, you can use setWhere and targetWhere clauses:

await db.insert(employees)
  .values({ employeeId: 123, name: 'John Doe' })
  .onConflictDoUpdate({
    target: employees.employeeId,
    targetWhere: sql`name <> 'John Doe'`,
    set: { name: sql`excluded.name` }
  });

await db.insert(employees)
  .values({ employeeId: 123, name: 'John Doe' })
  .onConflictDoUpdate({
    target: employees.employeeId,
    set: { name: 'John Doe' },
    setWhere: sql`name <> 'John Doe'`
  });

Upsert with composite indexes, or composite primary keys for onConflictDoUpdate:

await db.insert(users)
  .values({ firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Doe' })
  .onConflictDoUpdate({
    target: [users.firstName, users.lastName],
    set: { firstName: 'John1' }
  });

On duplicate key update

MySQL supports ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE instead of ON CONFLICT clauses. MySQL will automatically determine the conflict target based on the primary key and unique indexes, and will update the row if any unique index conflicts.

Drizzle supports this through the onDuplicateKeyUpdate method:

// Note that MySQL automatically determines targets based on the primary key and unique indexes
await db.insert(users)
  .values({ id: 1, name: 'John' })
  .onDuplicateKeyUpdate({ set: { name: 'John' } });

While MySQL does not directly support doing nothing on conflict, you can perform a no-op by setting any column’s value to itself and achieve the same effect:

import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.insert(users)
  .values({ id: 1, name: 'John' })
  .onDuplicateKeyUpdate({ set: { id: sql`id` } });

with insert clause

Using the with clause can help you simplify complex queries by splitting them into smaller subqueries called common table expressions (CTEs):

const userCount = db.$with('user_count').as(
	db.select({ value: sql`count(*)`.as('value') }).from(users)
);

const result = await db.with(userCount)
	.insert(users)
	.values([
		{ username: 'user1', admin: sql`((select * from ${userCount}) = 0)` }
	])
	.returning({
		admin: users.admin
	});

with "user_count" as (select count(*) as "value" from "users") 
insert into "users" ("username", "admin") 
values ($1, ((select * from "user_count") = 0)) 
returning "admin"

Insert into … select

As the SQLite documentation mentions:

As the PostgreSQL documentation mentions:

And as the MySQL documentation mentions:

Drizzle supports the current syntax for all dialects, and all of them share the same syntax. Let’s review some common scenarios and API usage. There are several ways to use select inside insert statements, allowing you to choose your preferred approach:

• You can pass a query builder inside the select function.
• You can use a query builder inside a callback.
• You can pass an SQL template tag with any custom select query you want to use

const insertedEmployees = await db
  .insert(employees)
  .select(
    db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users).where(eq(users.role, 'employee'))
  )
  .returning({
    id: employees.id,
    name: employees.name
  });

const qb = new QueryBuilder();
await db.insert(employees).select(
    qb.select({ name: users.name }).from(users).where(eq(users.role, 'employee'))
);

await db.insert(employees).select(
    () => db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users).where(eq(users.role, 'employee'))
);

await db.insert(employees).select(
    (qb) => qb.select({ name: users.name }).from(users).where(eq(users.role, 'employee'))
);

await db.insert(employees).select(
    sql`select "users"."name" as "name" from "users" where "users"."role" = 'employee'`
);

await db.insert(employees).select(
    () => sql`select "users"."name" as "name" from "users" where "users"."role" = 'employee'`
);